William Golding s The Lord Of The Flies - 1574 Words

Is it better for someone to die for what they believe in, or is it better for someone to live and give up their believes? In novels, films, and even in real life, there are martyrs, those who are killed for what they think, and there are those who alter their morals to fit the status quo. These two types of people can be further characterized into two groups: those who do not change are weak, and those who do change are strong. Charles Darwin established a theory that states how what makes a person strong or weak is how they decide to deal with change. The naturalist states that even though some are vastly intelligent, kind, or dignified, they end up dying first because lack of adaptability, or refusal to do so. In William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies, Simon is an example of the sort of weakness Darwin elaborates on in his theory. While he is the most wise out of the group and tries to help the boys as much as he can, Simon is the first main character to die because he is u nable to keep up with the boys in both a physical and mental sense. Simon’s untimely death was caused by his refusal to abandon his civilized morals in order to abide by the principles of social darwinism in the ways of the other boys. Simon stands out from the rest of the group because he does not kill and engage in physical combat with the other boys, and his death is caused by his dismission of such violent activity. Shortly after the boys arrive on the island, the majority of them, including JackShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1263 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Lord of the Flies William Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, symbolically, how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies752 Words   |  4 Pagespossible, so a five year old who teases others to Adolf Hitler would be classified as perpetrators of evil. Lord of the Flies is a fictional story about a group of British boys who get stranded on island. The author of the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding, showcases Zimbardo’s ideas in his story. Zimbardo did not form his theory Through the character development of Jack and Roger, Golding illustrates the intensity of evil when one is impacted by situational forces. Before Ralph and Piggy unifiesRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1869 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Outline – Unit 11 Introductory paragraph: Topic Sentence (includes the book title and author) The novel Lord of the flies by William Golding is a type of literature that revolves around an anti-war theme. Main Points that will be discussed in the essay presented in order of weakest to strongest: 1. Lord of the flies was written during WWII and one of the manifestations is the dead man in the parachute presumably a victim of a bombed plane. 2. Faction among the group which is similar toRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1282 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding, the author of Lord of The Flies, included adults for only a brief time throughout the novel, playing only a minor role at the end. The absence of adults exemplifies how children require the structure and guidance that only parents can provide, this can be seen how nations newly freed from the British Empire’s control would be better off under English colonial power to survive and maintain order before deteriorating into anarchy. The adults of the novel can be seen as the motherRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1315 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies was set somewhere on the timeline of World War Two, a war between the Axis and the Allies lasting from 1939 until 1945. Although WWII was fought between many countries in the Pacific and Europe, the main contender was Germany, led by Adolf Hitler. Hitler and his followers, the Nazis, changed the lives of everyone when they attempted to strengthen Germany and brought out all the evil and ugli ness in the world. After WWII, nothing would be able to change theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies886 Words   |  4 Pageshow to live their lives not knowing what s right or wrong. Everyone has a different opinion towards different things. Some say gun laws should be banned while some say they want a gun in their house. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding there are clear aspects of leadership shown within the characterization between Jack and Ralph. I m chief, said Ralph, because you chose me. And we were going to keep the fire going. Now you run after food- (Golding 150). There is evident conflict between theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1672 Words   |  7 Pages The Different Social Cognition of the Similar Stories — Synthesis essay of Lord of the Flies Final Project With the development of British culture, the format of Desert Island Literature has an inevitable connection with the geographical and culture heritage of the development of British history. Generally speaking, the setting of such literature is basically around an isolated island which is far from human society. The characters usually follow a primary lifestyle so that illustrate the courageRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1745 Words   |  7 Pages1954 novel, Lord of the Flies by Nobel Prize-winner William Golding is a dystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition. Set in the midst of a nuclear war, the text details a group of marooned British school boys as they regress to a primitive state. Free from the rules and structures of civilisation and society, the boys split into factions - some attempting to maintain order and achieve common goals; others seeking anarchy and violence. The novel is based on Golding’s experienceRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1776 Words   |  8 PagesMaybe the beast is us (Golding 85), in the novel, Lord of the Flies, by author William Golding, Golding uses the entire book as social commentary. The social aspect he focuses on is man’s ability to be evil and destructive. William Golding uses three specific literary devices to convey this idea; characterization, diction and symbolism. Lord of the Flies explains man s capacity for evil which is revealed in his inherent human nature, which he cannot control or ignore. The hidden evil within

John F. Kennedy The Man Behind The President - 1561 Words

John F. Kennedy: The Man behind the President John F. Kennedy changed America in a way in which no President had done before. His election was the beginning of a term that would be one of the most memorable and one of the most tragic in the history of United States Presidents. However, to fully understand John F. Kennedy’s term, and why it was so influential, we must first look into who he was as a person. The understanding of John F. Kennedy can be found in his childhood, his presidency, his death and his contributions to society. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 6, 1888, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was the son of Mary Hickey and Patrick Joseph Kennedy, an important figure in the Irish community of Boston. Familiarly known as P.J., Patrick J. Kennedy had risen from common laborer to highly successful businessman, and was eventually instrumental in the organization of two different Boston financial institutions, the Columbia Trust Company and the Sumner Savings Bank. Early on, Patrick J. Kennedy had also entered politics, and Joseph, his first child, was born during P.J. s third term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Patrick J. Kennedy also served in the Massachusetts Senate, but his enduring political power was in the unofficial capacity of a ward boss who held sway in the East Boston Ward 2 for more than thirty year All though American’s knew him as John F. Kennedy, when he was little, his family and friends called him Jack. Born on May 29thShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagestheir names.† –John F Kennedy This quote was said by a man who was once someone that the American people would call the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was a very young President, as well as a very good looking president. Women would swoon over the idea of John F. Kennedy but also be jealous of his wife that he was married to at the time. John F. Kennedy is well known for his affair with Marilyn Monroe the world’s leading bombshell blonde in the 1960’s. This President is also wellRead MoreOn May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts, Mr. John Frederick806 Words   |  4 PagesBrookline, Massachusetts, Mr. John Frederick Kennedy was born. John F Kennedy was one of nine children born to Joseph and Rose Kennedy(a very wealthy family). His father Joseph Kennedy was a businessman and politician while his mother Rose Kennedy was a philanthropist and socialite. Due to his family’s wealth, John F Kennedy s education was more than respectable, attending many private schools since g rade school. Once it was time for higher education John F Kennedy briefly attended Princeton UniversityRead MoreCritical Analysis Of John F Kennedy994 Words   |  4 Pagesrevolution and the Vietnam war protest. Among the figures that helped shape this revolution is John F. Kennedy; he is widely perceived as a man whom reflected the ideals and aspirations of that era. However, this sentiment was not shared among each and all. As a result, on November 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while participating in a presidential campaign in Dallas, Texas. In many ways, John F. Kennedys assassination strengthened his status as an American symbol. His sudden deathRead MoreThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy1076 Words   |  4 Pagesassassination of John F. Kennedy is one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. It was November 22, 1963 when JFK was assassinated. Unlike previous presidential assa ssinations, the JFK assassination is the most conspiracies of all time. The theories are the Government cover up, Mafia influence and Cuban President Fidel Castro. Imagine one person can do all this planning which Lee Harvey Oswald. There is no way that one man can doRead MoreThe Leadership Styles of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will compare are John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan I is in my opinion that these two United State of American Presidents were and are historical leaders. John Fitzgerald Kennedy often referred to as JFK was the 35th President of the United States of America and served in this capacity from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy served before his presidency as Massachusetts’s 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. Kennedy also served in the URead MoreJohn F. Kennedy: A Legacy Never Forgotten1377 Words   |  6 Pages Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names(Brainy Quotes). John F Kennedy said this during one of his speeches, and ironically no one will ever forget the name of the person who murdered him, Lee Harvey Oswald, an enemy of the American Public. When Kennedy ran for office, he had to seem like the more experienced candidate and appeal to all of the people. During his speeches, Kennedy engaged his audiences and they hung on his every word. However, the tragic event of his assassinationRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Speech1361 Words   |  6 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Kennedy’s inaugural speech was remembered in the lines â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country†. Kennedy’s speech resounded all over the United States inspiring the American nation to change, prosper and grow. He reassured the citizens of their nation’s strength and gave the people a sense of security. As the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy was known for many accomplishments such as the establishment of the Peace CorpsRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1675 Words   |  7 Pagesgo to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.† (Great Speeches Volume 27: John F. Kennedy, 2012). President John F. Kennedy delivered this infamous speech in the football stadium at Rice University in Houston, Texas on that very day. President Kennedy’s reason for his delivery of this speech was to address the sta te of our Nation’s Space Effort. The citizens of the United States of America were in quite a stateRead MoreThe Assassination Lee Harvey Oswald Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough Dallas, Texas. President Kennedy sat with his wife waving at the crowds of spectators when three shots were fired. President Kennedy had been shot in the back and head. The president was then rushed to the nearest hospital, four miles away. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1.30pm, just an hour after the assassination at 46 years of age. He died of a wound in the brain caused by one of the bullets. Vice President Lyndon Johnson, who had been only three cars behind the president’s vehicleRead MoreThe Assassination Of President John F. Kennedy1376 Words   |  6 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiracies

Book pseudo-philosophical Free Essays

The book of job is indeed a difficult book (particularly because it is structured like a poem, which i think made it all the more boring. ) But going beyond that, it has some interesting pseudo-philosophical discussions going on. Job is a brave man, given the circumstances and the general assumptions about the nature of the universe at the time (a universe where god occasionally makes his presence known through a whirlwind or some such device). We will write a custom essay sample on Book pseudo-philosophical or any similar topic only for you Order Now Job is good and brave, but I think there is an inherent assumptions in his arguments that make them fail (in my book): the assumption of the validity of the rationale behind the rules under which God seems to operate. Since Sin is also, ultimately, God’s invention, I think an appropriate response to such a condition as Job’s would have been â€Å"Why are You playing around with us? † When Job finally acknowledges God’s justice, Job gets his good life back! (Someone was just being childish and just wanted some appreciation, after all. ) I don’t believe that there is a direct correlation between good actions and†¦ divinely bestowed awards. A bit of work and a bit of luck are what it takes to get a good life. As for Genesis chapters 1-11, I cannot take these as an authentic record of historical events. While reading, I kept getting a feeling, in the back of my mind, that there is something inherently wrong in the rationale and explanations of the behaviors of the characters (God included). The story presented in Genesis has the makings of a myth, and is in the same level as that of other creationist stories of other beliefs. As Darwin says, the concept of God is quite beyond the scope of my abilities. Genesis 1-11 is an â€Å"explanation† of the origins of the world, which I believe must be a lot more complex than the chapters relate (at least on the surface). It also â€Å"explains† the origins good and evil in modern mankind. Boring also. Primarily because the story has been recounted countless times, and, understandably, the sentences are structured as dissimilarly as possible from everyday speech, while still retaining grammatical correctness. But it is still nice to understand ancient (and modern) cultural and religious mentality. How to cite Book pseudo-philosophical, Papers

Alone on a Wide, Wide Sea Michael Morpurgo Essay Example For Students

Alone on a Wide, Wide Sea Michael Morpurgo Essay Alone on a wide, wide sea The novel Alone on a wide, wide sea is written by award winning author Michael Morpurgo and was published in 2006. This novel concentrates on a boy named Arthur and his powerful and consistent relationship with his close friend Marty. To make the story more thought provoking and interesting, Morpurgo has used symbols to represent various things throughout the novel. Such as, a boat to represent love, a key to represent luck and an albatross to represent hope and adoration. Throughout the novel a key is used to represent hope and luck. The reader becomes aware of this when Arthur ‘felt a sadness so deep within, but felt too that just as long as he had kitty’s key he would be alright. ’ The key causes Arthur to feel strong in his time of need. Having the key there is a reassurance that even though times are tough, there is always a bright side. Similarly, as Arthur says ’it would be lucky for me’, it brings the same luck to his young daughter Allie. When Allie is out on her expedition to England, to bring back a long lost family member, she keeps the key there in hope that it would bring the same luck that it brought her father. Each character seems very dependant on the luck the ‘lucky key’ brings. The ‘Ancient Mariner’ is a symbol of courage and family togetherness for many characters in this novel. This becomes clear when Allie continuously recites the ‘Ancient Mariner’ on board ‘Kitty four’, which ‘gave her a new determination every time she read it out loud. Reciting the ‘Ancient Mariner’ results in Allie feeling more connected with her deceased father and the sea itself. This connection causes Allie to confide in herself and her ability to accomplish her goals. Likewise, when Arthur recites the poem for Aunty Megs on her birthday her eyes were ‘full of tears and full of love’. The ‘Ancient Mariner’ brings Arthur, Marty and Aunt y Megs closer and their shared love for this poem results in them uniting as a stronger family. Throughout the novel a boat is used to represent love and trust. This becomes evident when Arthur builds a boat for Allie ‘so they could each do what they love to do best together’. Arthur builds this boat for Allie because he knows how much it would mean to her to sail to England, which has been her dream ever since she was a little girl. The gift is also to prove to his daughter that he trusts she is ready to take on the dangerous seas. The creation of the boat, as well, brings them closer together as they have not only the building to discuss and plan, but the expedition itself. During the adventurous novel an albatross is used to represent hope. The reader becomes conscious of this when Allie is on ‘Kitty four’ to England and sites an albatross. From that day on the same albatross visits her almost everyday, and shortly after this Allie begins to believe that it is her father ‘keeping an eye on her, doing with her what he always wanted to do with her’. Seeing the albatross everyday makes Allie really consider that it is her father, sailing to England with her, guiding her through all the tough and dangerous events on board. This thought strengthened Allie in many ways and played a huge part in the accomplishment of her goals. Throughout this novel Morpurgo has used symbols to represent love, hope courage, togetherness and strength. His exceptionally well written novel recounts the overwhelming life of Arthur Hobhouse and his continued journey through his daughter Allie. With its exciting and realistic story line and sophisticated and competent vocabulary, Alone on a Wide, Wide sea is an excellent novel written for children ages ten and onwards.

Risk Management Plan Kilimanjaro Mountain

SWOT analysis In Elken Essay Example

SWOT analysis In Elken Essay Example SWOT analysis In Elken Paper SWOT analysis In Elken Paper One factor that leads Elken Company to be success in the firm is because of its strengths. Strengths are those competitive advantages that create the benefits to achieve the needs of its target markets. One of the strengths of Elken is that Elken Company has a strong network of distributor and it has a wide network of business in Asia-Pacific. These involved Asia-Pacific countries are Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Brunei, Hong Kong and India. Elken is expanding the business globally. In order to compete with the competitors, Elken can expand the business to the whole Asia countries and Europe-countries such as United Stated of America. The stronger network of distributor Elken has, it will be more benefits to Elken because it will be harder for the competitors and new entrants to compete with Elken. Another strength of Elken is that Elkens employees are cooperative and well disciplined. They are all ready to help the customers by providing them exemplary. In order to satisfy the customers needs and demands, the Customer Services Department staffs are trained to provide fast and quality services. Elken Company had trained professional technicians to provide the RO Water Purification services to its customers. These professional technicians are able to provide speedy installations and services to the customers. Other than that, the Elkens distributors and members are positive thinking and they are moving towards the same direction to achieve the Elkens goals. To accrue the wealth and rewards that Elken offers, the distributors and members put in efforts in the jobs and contribute themselves to the company. They are willing to face difficulty and challenges, and accept changes. They are willing to make improvement and skills development, so that they can increase their job performance. Elken Company had a lot of research and development activities on the Elken products. It always upgrades and expands the range of products with the aim of continually improving the lives of consumers. In order to improve the quality of the products, Elken can has the RD center with many different types of sophisticated tools and technologies, and recruit more creative experts for the products development. In addition, Elken Company had established Narisia Sdn.Bhd and its own manufacturing plant, Elepac Sdn.Bhd. Narisia Sdn.Bhd established to manufacture the Reverse Osmosis technology since 1998 to assure the desired quality of products. The Bio Pure R.O Water Purification System used the component parts produced by the worlds leading manufacturers. With these factories, Elken saved lots of operating cost in its business. Elken Company sells variety of products and services. It allows different range customers with the unlimited products and services. Many of the Elken products have been conferred prestigious awards by quasi-government bodies and associations; certified by international accreditation organization; and clinically proven by reputable institutions. Elken had an online website. This online website allows customers to browse and get information about Elken. It shared the company vision, milestones of success with the consure through the Internet. It also promotes its products through the website. By the way, it also included information about benefits of joining Elken, and the career opportunities offer by Elken. To improve the effectiveness of customer services, Elken had included the business addresses and the contact numbers into the website, so that it allows the consumers to have easier referencing, and it lets the consumers to find out the Elkens Head Office in their countries. Weaknesses Weaknesses are the restrictions of Elken might face in the development or implementation of the marketing strategy. Elken needs to acknowledge the weaknesses and handle it without procrastination. One of the weaknesses of Elken is that some of the products of Elken are expensive. The high price of Elken product may cause the consumer to purchase other products from the competitors. To overcome this problem, Elken should have better marketing planning, and reduce the costs for product development but in the same way maintaining the products quality. To allow the customers to purchase the products in a lower price, Elken can encourage the customer to join and become Elkens members, thus, inform them that there is special offer for Elkens members, and Elkens members are allow to purchase Elkens with a discount. Besides, Elken does not fully utilize its own website homepage. It does not include some important customer services into its online system. The online website only allows the consumers to get the company background information, products details, and some of the company news. It should included some online purchasing service into the online website. Competitors are encouraging people to join their direct sales business too. They offer many different types of rewards and benefits to their members. Competitors can offer similar benefits as Elken offers to its employees and members. To compete with the competitors, Elken should always improve its compensation and incentive strategies. Elken can always inform all the people around the world about the benefits of joining into Elken. Elken can motivate and incentive the employees by offering different types of compensation and benefits. Other than that, Elken should have some seminars to let the employees to share their experiences and how they succeed in their jobs in Elken with the new employees and customers. Opportunities Opportunities are the favorable and beneficial conditions that could generate rewards for Elken. Elken needs to find the potential opportunities in order to continue to grow within the marketplace. One of the opportunities of Elken is that they can improve its online customers services by included some features such as online catalogs, online purchasing service, online consultations, online applying Elkens membership, online appointments booking on the installation and maintenance services for RO Water Purification System, and online points checking. With all these features, it can increase the effectiveness of current customer services. By recruiting more quality, professional and potential employees, Elken can allows online recruiting system. With this online recruiting system it allows Elken to recruit experts and quality people from different places and countries. Since the people and consumers are concerning the healthcare problems nowadays, Elken can have chance to develop and sell more healthcare products. They can have RD to analyze and find out the needs and demands of the consumers todays. For instance, Elken can introduce and sells some massage and spa products since the consumers nowadays are concern about stress and pain reduction issues. With this chance, Elken can also produce and sell products to different category of consumers. They can produce products for children, teens, adults and the old individuals. Since Elken is a well-known direct selling company in Malaysia, it allows Elken to takes this chance to open more outlets and stores in Malaysia. Besides the head office in Kuala Lumpur, outlets in Johor, Sarawak and Sabah, it also can open stores and outlets at different locations, such as Pahang, Kedah, Penang, Terengganu, Kelantan, Perak, Melacca, and Negeri Sembilan. It can expand its business all over in Malaysia. Technologies trends are keep on changing. This had lead Elken to take the chance to improve its IS and IT in the company frequently. It leads Elken to use the computerized database and inventory system to keep track of products, stocks, employees and its members details. By using computerized database and inventory system, it allows Elken to have easier referencing on the products information, products stocks, and employees and members details. It also saves costs for storing the details. Besides, the changing of technology trends also had caused Elken to be aware of using new technology to produce the products. The using of new technologies helps Elken in producing and developing of products. With this opportunity, it allows Elken to increase the production and productivity and producing better quality products. Threats Threats are the conditions or barriers that may prevent Elken from reaching its objectives or harm to it. The Threats are such as the population shifts, changes in purchasing preferences, new technologies, changes in governmental or environmental regulations, or an increase in competition. One of the threats of Elken is that there are many competitors in the industry. The number of competitors are keep on increasing. The competitors of Elken are such as Amway and Cosway. To gain competitive advantage in this industry, Elken needs to improve the quality and variety of products by using advanced technology tools in product development and have more RD for the development of more creative and higher quality products. With the more variety of high quality products, it will allow consumers to purchase the products based on their personal preferences. Competitors sell the products with lower prices. These may influence the consumer buying behaviors. Elken should make their products price more reasonable, and have promotions to the consumers. Other than that, Elken can educate the consumers that when purchasing the products, besides consider of products prices, they should also consider of the product quality as well. Elken can educate the consumers on choosing the suitable products based on their needs and demands. Elken can also introduce and promote their products by using some critical slogan to attract the consumers. By adding more unique features on the products, the Elken customers will feel that is more valuable and benefits on purchasing Elkens products. Nowadays, there are a lot of companies and organizations provide online purchasing services and online consultation service to the consumers. To increase the effectiveness of customer services, Elken should allow its customers to enjoy the online purchasing services. Online purchasing allows the customers to make orders and purchase Elkens products via the Internet at anytime. It easy and it also saves times and costs. Customers no need to spend times and cost to travel to the Elkens stores in order to purchase Elkens products. To allow the customer to purchase the suitable products based on their needs, Elken can provide the online consultation services to consult the customers. Elken can recommend the suitable Elkens products to the customers based on their problems and needs. For instance, Elken can recommend the customer who is facing overweight problems to use Dr Diet slimming products.

Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis_365 Essay

Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis_365 - Essay Example First is the price that has an inverse relation, that means consumers want to buy more when the price is low, and will buy less when it is high. Next is the income wherein the effect of buying depends on the income. But this type of reasoning depends on the kind of commodity. For normal goods, as income increases demand also increase, and demand for product decrease as income lessens. Next is Tastes and preferences of consumers; Demand is also affected by consumers taste and preferences, particularly now, that consumers have become health conscious. Another aspect is the consumers’ expectations. When consumer anticipates a price increase, tendency is to stock up, because this is an expectation of what to happen. A demand for instance, is affected by weather, Consumption increases during hot weather, and decreases in winter. The dictionary has defined equilibrium price as the quantity of goods buyers are willing to buy and the quantity of goods sellers are willing to sell. The equilibrium price is found in a diagram where supply and demand interacts . P1 and Q1 are the points of equilibrium where supply = demand. At any price above P1, supply exceeds demand price below P1demand exceeds supply. (tutotr 2u) Target market of the new Cola drink is the American consumers, who, according to Huffpost Healthy Living, (05, July, 2012), half of the number of American surveyed, drink soda on a daily basis, with an average of 2.6 glasses. Study of Diechert, Mehga, et. al ( Feb 22, 2006)shows soft drink industry has a market share of 46.8 % that competes with that of non-alcoholic drink Business wire( February 04, 2011) estimates soft drinks’ global market to have a volume of 465.4 billion liters, which is an increase in the consumption of 16.7% since 2006. Clearly, this is an indication that the soft drink industry is still strong and a profitable industry. Outside U.S., there is an indication that Coca-Cola does not retain sales

Kingdom animalia phylum platyhelminthes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kingdom animalia phylum platyhelminthes - Essay Example thes are known for organ level of organization, highlighting three main sets of organs: The excretory system, the nervous system, and the digestive tract. The excretory system is made up of flame cells and ducts. The nervous system includes a pair of anterior ganglia with two nerve cords, interlinked by transverse nerves, going through the whole length of the creature. These nerve cords form a ladder-like structure. The digestive tract is branched and does not have an anus, hence it is incomplete. Platyhelminthes are triloblastic because of the three germ layers called ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. The ectoderm is the base of the outer epithelium. The endoderm becomes the lining of the gut tract. The mesoderm is the tissue between the ectoderm and the endoderm. Mesoderm consists of muscle and undifferentiated cells called parenchyma. Platyhelminthes are also called acoelomate because there is no body cavity between any of the three germ layers. Platyhelminthes are further divided into three classes: Class Turbellaria (flatworms); Class Trematoda (flukes); and Class Cestoda

Corporate Compliance Plan for Riordan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Compliance Plan for Riordan - Essay Example As such a framework of codes of conduct and regulations which are in conformity with the various Federal, State and International laws is to be built. Such a Frame work shall act as a means and tool to mitigate any possible legal risks and liabilities The compliance plan should move ahead with Enterprise Risk management as a starting point with COSO risk guidelines as a basis (Steinberg, 2011). From a risk and liability mitigation perspective, the most impending aspect of the issues arising out of the numerous business and related transactions would be the underlying conflict. Thus, a separate mechanism for addressing the conflicts or disputes emanating from business transactions should be put in place. In order to avoid high litigation costs, a more preventive approach for conflict resolution that is Alternative Dispute Resolution should be implemented such that it is in consonance with ADR clause of the applicable Local/Regional and International Laws. Riordan already has a corpora te governance plan in existence. As per the plan, the Riordan Board of Directors should carry out the overall responsibility of the company as per the state corporate requirements. The plan specifies the board leadership roles, compensation and performance criteria, meetings etiquette and proceedings, committee matters and membership as well as operational and financial responsibilities of the board. Riordan has appointed Lowell Bradford the Legal Counsel who directly oversees the legal matters for the company. All the legal matters from various departments are forwarded to him, which he addresses based on his experience and knowledge and when required in consultation with Litteral and Finkel, the International Law Firm retained by the company. As per the above discussion in light of the most recent strategic decision of the company to move its China operations from Hangzhou to Shanghai, the possible legal risks and the liabilities shall be addressed as follows: ADR: Riordan should stipulate guidelines for its legal department to follow in order to avoid possible costly litigations as also the long term effectiveness of the conflict resolution. Towards the same goal, it should adopt an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) strategy which is in consonance with the ADR clause of the state corporation laws. As an effective strategy, the most important aspect of ADR from business conflict resolution viewpoint is to adopt a win-win attitude (Barbara & Corvette, p. 266). Based on the COSO risk management strategy (Steinberg, 2011), Riordan should decide upon whether Mediation or Arbitration would be an effective approach in the given situation. As such the authority to decide upon the same should rest with Lowell Bradford, the legal counsel. The authority to choose the Arbitrator and/or mediator for the same shall also rest with Mr. Bradford, however, he shall have a consultative role, whereas the legal board of Directors shall have a collective and final say in the matter. However, a Binding-mediation strategy (Jentz, Miller, & Cross, 2008, p. 40) shall be the most appropriate strategy for Riordan. The possible disputes that might arise from the relocation in the form of possible disagreement with the existing workforce over the termination of work contracts as well as vendor contracts resulting from the relocation. In order to address and mitigate the possible risks of disputes arising from

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis Take a case of actually existing civil society and critically discuss the extent to which your case has managed to achieve any democratic or developmental progress. Championed as the panacea for development ills under the neoliberal New Policy Agenda (McIllwaine;1998), civil society has become the sweetheart of development donors (Barr, Fafchamps Owens, 2005;659), famed for its ability to incubate participatory development[ma1][ma2]. Civil society is conceptualised as an independent third pillar between state and market, comprising of horizontal networks of associational groups with cross cut ties of kinship and patronage (Putnam, 1993). Within this network, citizens organize to pursue shared interests and influence policy in the public domain (UNDP, 2014). Civil society organisations (CSOs) can embody autonomous or NGO supported community based organisations, or can comprise of NGOs as primary agents of civil society themselves (Mohan, 2002[ma3]). Despite doubt surrounding the classification of NGOs as CSOs (Carmody, 2007), this essay will define NGOs as a variant of CSOs, as their primary purpose is influencing public policy (Edwards Hulme, 1997;24), and are independent from direct government control (UNDP, 2014[ma4][ma5]). Thus, for the reasons outlined, this essay will focus on the Voice2People programme of Christian Aid, an NGO based CSO. Ultimately, this essay will examine the extent to which the normative framework advocating CSOs as the missing middle between citizen and state (World Bank, 1996;114), represents the reality of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996;19). It is in this sense that actually existing civil society is defined as the reality of CSOs in practise as largely dissonant from the normative promised agenda for change (Ibid). By analysing Christian Aids Voice2People programme, this essay will posit that the realities of actually existing civil society are divergent from the normative ideals placed upon it, and thus can achieve little democratic or developmental success. This essay will begin by demonstrating the normative and programmatic qualities perceived as inherent within CSOs, in particular their ability to facilitate participatory development, upon which donor funding is predicated (Igoe Kelsall, 2005). It will then outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, in relation to the normative characteristics it is perceived to retain. Once the theoretical framework is outlined, this paper will then assess the extent to which these normative ideals diverge from reality of actually existing civil society. By outlining the flaws of the theoretical framework underlying the programme, and the problematic constraints it faced, this essay will conclude by arguing that contrary to normative perceptions, actually existing civil society in the case of the Voice2People programme, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress. The normative characteristics of civil society organisations However, it is first essential to outline the perceived normative characteristics of CSOs in order to analyse their divergence from the empirical reality of actually existing civil society. These characteristics are normative in the sense they are expected rather than empirically validated. It[ma6][ma7] is also essential to underscore the ideological nature of these characteristics, which dovetail the neoliberal new policy agenda (Robinson, 2003;2) which embraces the democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710) in supporting inclusive participation to facilitate development (Mertz, 2012;54). Firstly, neoliberal theory posits CSOs as vehicles through which to build better citizens (Archer, 1994). Civil society is thus perceived as an arena for the cultivation of liberal norms, including participation and market rationality (Williams Young, 2012). CSOs become schools of liberal democracy (Banks, Edwards Hulme, 2015;4) educating citizens to take participate in formulating their own development agenda. Secondly, CSOs are also regarded as key actors in encouraging increased state accountability, as an active civil society enables choice, scrutinises errant governments, and leads to pluralised democracy (Mohan, 2002). CSOs thus demand state accountability to local demands (Suileman, 2013;245) an issue outlined by the Voice2People baseline report (Christian Aid, 2013). In addition, CSOs are also perceived by donors as vital facilitators of democratisation. This is because CSOs are seen to exhibit a pluralising function as they disperse the distribution of political power in s ociety through increasing channels of access (Hadenius Uggla, 1996) what Ndegwa (1996;3) terms the civil society political liberalisation thesis. Additionally, as Przewoski (1992) notes, CSOs also play a constitutive role in defining the rules of state/CSO interaction along democratic lines. Finally, the last perceived function of CSOs is facilitating localised empowerment, so communities can pursue their own development activities either through CSOs or as autonomous politically conscious citizens. This view posits the poor not as beneficiaries, but as controllers of the development process with the means to radically alter their own situation (Clark, 1991;201). However, for the sake of this essay, the above functions will be amalgamated into one role of facilitating participatory development the process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources that affect themselves (Worldbank, 1996b;4). This requires the participation of empowered groups in the design and implementation of development projects, and is dependent on a state open to pluralising the political arena to organisations such as CSOs who can demand accountability on behalf of their members. The[ma8] next section of this essay will outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, which attempts to facilitate participatory development in Nigeria. A case of actually existing civil society Christian Aids Voice2People programme is a DFID funded programme worth  £2million (DFID, 2016), aiming to facilitate citizen-driven development and increased government accountability in Anambra State, Nigeria (Christian Aid, 2016;2). It is through this programme which aims to influence public development policy, that Christian Aid can be regarded as a CSO in its own right. Prior to the programme, the baseline report suggested that 54% of 1, 535 respondents in the area felt they were not able participate in making demands to state representatives, and that there was no accountability mechanism to ensure state compliance with local needs (Christian Aid, 2013;6-8). Consequently, the Voice2People community based programme utilised two strategies (outlined by Brown and Tandon;1994) in an attempt to rectify this democratic deficit (Warleigh, 2001;1). Firstly, Voice2People employed state reform strategies to secure agreements which guaranteed quarterly community engagement meetings, with the aim to precipitate democratic norms such as state accountability. Secondly, societal programmes such as the use of participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) intended to create community charters of needs, aiming to immerse all levels of community participation in development consultations (Christian Aid, 2016a;8). However, this next section will analyse the theoretical and practical barriers which constrain the Voice2People programme; an example of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996:19); in achieving participatory development. Can Voice2People achieve participatory development? In the donor community, the perceived functions of CSOs are taken as normative and unproblematic. This is concerning as this next section will show, there are various theoretical and practical barriers which constrains actually existing civil society (in this case, the Voice2People programme) to achieving participatory development[ma9]. Theoretical barriers One[ma10] of the first theoretical constraints which limit the Voice2People programme and other CSO work in achieving participatory development, is the problematic dichotomy in which state and CSOs are theorised (Lewis, 2000). CSOs are perceived as autonomous agent able to impose community-formulated demands onto a democratic state. However, it is unwise to conceive civil society as unconstrained by the power of the state, as Hadenius and Uggla (1996) note, CSO inclusion is dependent on regime type, with autocratic regimes opposing CSO engagement due to desire to monopolise the political space (Clark, 1991[ma11]). Therefore, as Stewart (1997) suggests, the presence of CSOs does not instantly facilitate democratic engagement with states. In some cases, inclusion of CSOs into policy consultation is little more than PR to meet the criteria of debt relief. In the case of Voice2Protect, government legislation passed in July 2016 which requires a state-led regulatory body to oversee the wo rk of CSOs (Civicus, 2016), demonstrates the power of the Nigerian state in constraining the work of Voice2People. It is therefore too simplistic to theorise the state and CSOs as independent actors with equal agency in influencing public policy[ma12]. Moreover, it would also be unwise to suggest that even democratic states can adequately address the demands of CSOs, as due to the streamlining and weakening of state under structural adjustment, gridlock can occur, whereby the sheer volume of CSO interests and demands can lead to political impasse (Blair, 1997 in Lewis, 2002). This suggests that Voice2People is unable to achieve participatory development success either due to the constraining power of the state, or through lack of state capacity, notions largely ignored by the theoretical framework. This has led to the critique by some post-colonial scholars, who suggest that civil society as a concept has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life (maia) which can include an autocratic state characterised by big men rule (cite). Therefore, although Voice2People established a working relationship with the House that was formalised with an agreement to hold quarterly meetings with members (Christian Aid, 2016;4), there are no constitutional mechanisms to guarantee the continuation of this interaction, and no clear capacity of the state to meet the demands forwarded by Voice2People. This is further evidenced by the Voice2People progress report which cites that citizens found it difficult to engage government officials si nce the governments lacked the financial power to undertaken any projects (Christian Aid, 2014;6). As well as the problematic dichotomy between state and CSOs, the theoretical underpinnings behind CSO led service provision also limits the extent to which Voice2People can achieve participatory development. Due to their closeness to intended beneficiaries, CSOs are regarded as ideal for replacing waning state services that have been decimated by structural adjustment (Carmody;2007). Empowerment therefore is economic in the liberal sense, as through the participation of contributing funds towards a community service project, one gets to become the controller of their own development. Voice2People utilises this approach to pacify the 46% of respondents who were not happy at allwith the level of state service provision (Christian Aid, 2013;6). Although seemingly locally appropriate, this approach is highly problematic as it reduces the concept of public welfare to mere private provision to the extent that citizens forego their sense of state entitlement (Kamat, 2003;156). CSO service p rovision, no matter how well intentioned, therefore reduces the state to a franchise state (Wood, 1997;1) ultimately unaccountable for the services provided to its citizens through other actors. Community based service provision as utilised by Voice2People therefore achieves very little democratic output, as any state accountability based on service provision is nullified, and replaced by self-dependency. Additionally, this project does little to increase development, as the limited financial accessibility of community funded services, means that the chronic poor seldom partake in this form of neoliberal participation and are thus excluded from accessing vital services. conclude [ma13][ma14] Practical constraints When aiming to facilitate participatory development, one of the practical constraints faced by Voice2Protect is the extent to which it can achieve full participation. In an attempt to facilitate inclusive participationVoice2People liaisons with established community structures (Christian Aid), to create charters of demands which prioritise community development needs (ibid). However, by working through established community structures such as chieftaincies, existing power relations are entrenched and reproduced (white). This new localism which essentialises established structures as microcosms of a homogenous community (mohan) is problematic, as it excludes traditionally ostracised groups from access to civil society participation. Additionally, community participation can also be co-opted by middle class hegemonic groups in a bid to access influences and resources (Mercer and green), often leading to disillusionment amongst the primordial public of traditionalist groups who interven tions aimed to target (Suiliman[ma15]). These issues occurred in the Voice2Project programme, whereby community mobilisation was misconstrued to have political bearings by stakeholders wanting to gain access (cite) and thus exclusive meetings were still utilised to buy-in community leadership for the middle classes(Cite). Conclude On a similar note, for Voice2Protect to achieve full democratic participation, there needs to be greater emphasis on the gendered implications of PRAs and other participatory tools, as some V2P communities are yet to adopt balanced representation in decision making platforms (cite). The time necessary to participate in decision making is problematic, as it reduces the time women dedicate to caregiving roles, therefore impeding female participation (Howell and Milligan[ma16]). This then leads to talking to men about women which is hardly democratic nor will ever understand the gendered development issues facing women as a group (Ardner). Concludeand addmore Additionally, one of the clearest practical factors constraining Voice2Protect in facilitating participatory development, is that contrary to building better citizens (archer), CSOs can often pluralise the political arena for the worst, incorporating the voice of extremist or violent community organisations (Lewis and Kanjii). A pluralised political arena thus legitimises vice as well as virtue (Robinson White, 1998;229), as well as ethnic chauvinism (diamond) as an exercise in liberal democracy. Although this does increase pluralised democratic output (for the better or for worse), such instances could indeed hinder inclusive community development, as can often become a platform for legitimising prejudices or community based structural violence[ma17][ma18][ma19]. more Finally, an additional practical limitation faced by Voice2People, is the problematic mode through which democratic participation is facilitated within its programmes. Ultimately, the Voice2People programme is externally facilitated by an NGO based CSO, unlike programmes led by traditionalist CSOs which arise out of indigenous community structures. This stems from a contradictive paradox of self-help, whereby external NGO based CSOs are deployed to facilitate empowerment in traditionalist settings (Page, 2014). The concern here is, that due to the nature of Voice2People as an external NGO directed programme, true participatory development is constrained as it foregoes the political conscientization necessary for true and sustainable empowerment. Evidently, by using NGO based CSOs as proxies for indigenous organisations[ma20], only artificial low intensity democracy can be achieved (Carmody). This artificial empowerment runs the risk of disintegrating once the NGO based CSO has withdr awn, and is therefore unsustainable and unable to exert continuous pressure for longstanding change. Since the timescale of the Voice2People programme had an end date of March 2016 (Christian Aid, 2016), one can suggest that due to the lack of endogenous indigenous programmes to guarantee democratic output, participatory development progress began to disintegrate after the withdrawal of Christian Aid. This suggests that the dichotomy theorised by Mamdani (1996;19), which bifurcates the normative perceptions of civil society and its actually existing form, is too simplistic to encapsulate the different issues faced by varying CSOs. Through homogenising the realities of all actually existing civil society, the dichotomy ignores the vastly different realities faced by NGO based CSOs in relation to indigenous organisations[ma21]. Conclusion Normative ideals as unattainable clear divergence to the reality fo actually existing civil society [ma1]democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710 [ma2]Since democracy is regarded as the requisite political system conducive to growth (Chan, 2002), [ma3]Make all this link a bit more [ma4]Something about beneficiary membership or something about closeness to them [ma5]This will become important later on [ma6]Link these two sections together better [ma7] [ma8]Make sure you notePD as requiring liberally moulded empowered citizen participation and a democratic and accountable state. [ma9]Describe theoretical as motivations beind and practical barriers and issues facing actual formation/methodology [ma10]Maybe link western concept here: universalism of normative ideal does not take into account the authoritarian big man state this suggests it is applicable to western experience only. Miaia Why are we pushing the concept it if has failed in the US (Carmoroff and Carmoroff) [ma11]Mandani state power is in the ability to incorporate [ma12]Conclude: how does this link to participatory development? How does this constrain V2P? [ma13] Moreover, it can also be argued that the envisioned concept of civil society is applicable only to the western experience and thus in reality, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress elsewhere (Lewis, 2003). In this sense, donor support for CSOs is misguided, as the theoretical framework used to mould civil society in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life such as the constraining power of tribe and caste (Maina). It also ignores the need of a democratic tradition to perpetuate democratic norms within civil society, as an earlier point states, the presence of CSOs such as Voice2People, does not necessarily equate to democracy. Additionally, the limited western definition of CSOs may lead to duplication of efforts to build civil society where an indigenous form already exists (Uggla). This dissonance of the legitimacy to alternatives to western defined CSOs limits true democr acy due to the monopolisation of the political sphere by one homogenous form of CSO (hearn, 2001). When the wrong kinds of CSO are excluded, how can participatory development occur? (Banks Edwards and Hulme). Actually existing civil society cannot therefore lead to full participatory development, as the attributes of civil society itself, are western and ungeneralizable to the Nigerian case. Link to V2P. conclude [ma14] [ma15]say this too much reword this so it isnt repetitive [ma16]needs to link more [ma17]need an example of V2P and how this is not participatory can prejudices lead to the deliberate exclusion of others in participation the need for monitors has reflected this [ma18]it is in this sense that White cites the possibility of CS impeding democracy by gives rise to a multiplicity of distinct structures of dominance and subordinacy [ma19]find example of this in CA policy doccs [ma20]I can only stress that throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [ma21]add example of this from CA policy docc

Provisional Voting :: essays research papers

Part I: Current Social Issues One social issue in my community that concerns me is that of provisional voting, which is proving to be an issue in many communities. The requirement that all states make provisional voting available was passed down by congress. Unfortunately, no guidelines were included with this requirement, and therefore the decisions on which provisional votes are counted and which ones are not differ not only from state to state but from county to county. As a result, provisional voting is beneficial to some and not to others. The main agencies involved with this issue would be the local election offices as well as the secretaries of state. Part II: Relevant Agencies Quite obviously, the main agency that would be involved with the issue of provisional voting is the local elections office. This agency devotes great energies to make sure that every member of the public is given the opportunity to cast their votes. Because this is the agency that determines whether or not each provisional vote will count, these are the individuals that play the most major roll. The Secretary of State’s office is also like to be involved in provisional voting. Each state is expected to be responsible for drawing up guidelines for the procedures to be followed for provisional voting. At present time, the guidelines are unclear, if existent at all, but at some point must be addressed by the Secretary of State. The local elections office and the Secretary of State represent the government sector. The final organization that I expect to see involved with provisional voting are the pollworkers. These are the individuals that volunteer their time on election day to officiate the polls where votes are cast. Since provisional voting is still quite new, the procedures can be somewhat confusing, and it is these people that must make sense of it. I would classify them as being part of the philanthropic sector. Part III: Final Paper Topic The issue I have chosen to further develop for my final paper is that of provisional voting and the guidelines by which the decisions are made as to which provisional votes will be counted and which will not. I have chosen to pursue this particular issue due to the fact that I work as an Elections Coordinator and I have recently experienced my first election from behind the scenes, so to speak. Provisional voting is a serious issue, required by Congress, but handed down with little or no guidelines. Provisional Voting :: essays research papers Part I: Current Social Issues One social issue in my community that concerns me is that of provisional voting, which is proving to be an issue in many communities. The requirement that all states make provisional voting available was passed down by congress. Unfortunately, no guidelines were included with this requirement, and therefore the decisions on which provisional votes are counted and which ones are not differ not only from state to state but from county to county. As a result, provisional voting is beneficial to some and not to others. The main agencies involved with this issue would be the local election offices as well as the secretaries of state. Part II: Relevant Agencies Quite obviously, the main agency that would be involved with the issue of provisional voting is the local elections office. This agency devotes great energies to make sure that every member of the public is given the opportunity to cast their votes. Because this is the agency that determines whether or not each provisional vote will count, these are the individuals that play the most major roll. The Secretary of State’s office is also like to be involved in provisional voting. Each state is expected to be responsible for drawing up guidelines for the procedures to be followed for provisional voting. At present time, the guidelines are unclear, if existent at all, but at some point must be addressed by the Secretary of State. The local elections office and the Secretary of State represent the government sector. The final organization that I expect to see involved with provisional voting are the pollworkers. These are the individuals that volunteer their time on election day to officiate the polls where votes are cast. Since provisional voting is still quite new, the procedures can be somewhat confusing, and it is these people that must make sense of it. I would classify them as being part of the philanthropic sector. Part III: Final Paper Topic The issue I have chosen to further develop for my final paper is that of provisional voting and the guidelines by which the decisions are made as to which provisional votes will be counted and which will not. I have chosen to pursue this particular issue due to the fact that I work as an Elections Coordinator and I have recently experienced my first election from behind the scenes, so to speak. Provisional voting is a serious issue, required by Congress, but handed down with little or no guidelines.

Difference Between Upload and Download

Difference between Upload and Download Introduction In computer networks, data is always transferred from one place to another in order to accomplish various tasks. This can be easily performed using Uploading and Downloading. These are the two processes which are used for transferring data between a client and a server. Uploading is the process of sending files including documents, pictures and videos from a client computer to a server. Downloading is the process of transferring files from the server to the client. UploadUploading means that sending files from our local system to another remote location such as a server, over the network. For an example, if we want to build a website, we should upload the required files, images and other content to the relevant server where we host the website. When considering the Internet, every time we send a request for a web page using a browser, the data containing our IP address and the web page we have requested, is uploaded to the server wh ere the requested page is available. The time needed to upload depends on the size of the file we send.Small text based files can be sent quicker than the larger music files, heavy video files, images or other large multimedia files. Most probably, uploading can be performed while doing other tasks on the computers. After uploading files to a server, it will be available for the other users, too. Download Downloading is transferring data or information from a server to our client computer. For example, the same files which have been uploaded to the server can be downloaded by another user to the hard disk of a local system.When considering the Internet, in order to view the content of a requested web page on a browser of the user’s PC, the web page content including the images are downloaded first from the particular server. The time cost for downloading a file depends on the size of the file. When the file gets larger, the time takes to download the file also increases. As t hese files are downloaded to a personal computer, only the user of the machine can access those files. Compare and ContrastBoth Upload and Download are used to share the required data within a computer network. The primary difference between these two terms is that the direction of the data is being transferred. In uploading, the data is sent from our system to another remote system while in downloading, the data is received to our system from a remote system. So download is the reverse of the upload process. In uploading, there should be enough storage space in the server or other remote system to keep the uploading files.In downloading, there should be enough free space in the hard disk of our personal computer to save the downloaded files. In uploading, the files may be accessed by all the users who have access to the server but in downloading, the files can be used by only the owner of the local system, who has the interest for those files. There are some risks in use of downloa ding because some files available for downloading may come from untrustworthy sites and so they can harm our computers. So we have to be careful when downloading from unknown sources.

Glory and Sacrifice in the name of Greece essays

Glory and Sacrifice in the name of Greece essays Glory and Sacrifice in the name of Greece The Funeral Oration of Pericles is an excerpt from Thrcydides, The Peloponnesian War. Pericles was a great Greek speaker and renown leader of Athenian democracy during the middle part of the fifth century B.C.E. From this speech, we find out how much he believed in Athenian democracy because he makes no ill references to it. Instead he keeps stating that Athenian democracy is a model for others to follow and that the Peloponnesian War of 430 B.C.E. is a sacrifice in order to keep their way of life and Athenian democracy. As a central figure in Athenian democracy during the Peloponnesian War, it was part of Pericles ¡ job to keep moral high enough so that no one would question why the war was fought and what for. It was his job to tell them why this war was being fought and what for. This funeral oration was an attempt by Pericles to console the wives and parents who had lost loved ones in the Peloponnesian War and to justify their loss with feelings nationalism. Pericles delivered his speech by starting with an outline of what he was going to present, praising the Greek democratic system and then finish off with why it is worth all the lives that were lost. He keeps referring to how their way of life is affected and subsequently benefited by the way their political system is run. So in my opinion, he manipulated the people ¡s unstable condition to glorify Greece and its political system and also to gain support for the Peloponnesian War and the Greek political system of democracy. During a war, people will always question the government and their ways when lives are lost. People that question this loss the most are the ones who have lost loved ones in war. In order to keep moral high, Pericles used nationalism to sway doubters of the war towards being a supporter. He tells the people who have lost loved ones in war to see their death as being a noble ...

Code of Ethics Essays

Code of Ethics Essays Code of Ethics Essay Code of Ethics Essay The NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System is built up of a figure of infirmaries. forte installations. and continues attention installations in New York. New Jersey. and Connecticut. Harmonizing to NewYork-Presbyterian ( 2014 ) . most System members are academic affiliates of either Weill Cornell Medical College or Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. NewYork-Presbyterian understands the challenges of today’s medical specialty and makes it their mission to better their patients’ attention by educating the patients researching in their ain community. Their belief is that through consciousness they may be able to learn the patients the things they need to cognize to so take duty for their ain wellness. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Weill Cornell Medical College assist the NewYork-Presbyterian to better their cognition by research and academic capablenesss. The NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System is ever looking for every manner possible to better patient attention and give all patients the best possible intervention in their installations. The organization’s mission statement is NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System is dedicated to bettering patient attention. medical instruction and research throughout this part of the United States. ( nypsystem. 2014 ) Therefore this gives them three ends. The three ends are advancing patient attention. advancing medical instruction. and to research medical facets in order to hold betterment for society. These three ends are tied to ethical rules because they are three classs. which will demo promotion for the full health care community.

Letter for Master Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter for Master Degree - Essay Example Accordingly, I have already completed my B.A. course in criminal justice administration from the Columbia College of Missouri (December, 2006) securing 2.2 GPA, missing cum laude by 0.2. After graduation, I chose the option of military service in the US Navy, as it would expose me to the world outside, and expand my horizons significantly and appreciating the compulsions of a great power as the USA, while dealing with the outside world. It is affording me the opportunity to pit myself against the best and compete hard successfully. After retiring from this service, I intend to pursue my long term career ambition in the legal profession. With my service background and personal philosophy of service to the society, I intend to pursue a career in the US Secret Service agencies. I kept myself abreast of the developments in the legal profession, even during my military service, by accessing current literature on the subject through magazines and the Internet. I am also pursuing the Masters Course from the American Military University through distance learning and earned two credits so far, which I intend to transfer to my program with your university. Before deciding to join the graduate program in the Columbia College of Missouri, I have done a bit of Internet based research on the program in order to concretize my understanding of the course and to satisfy myself that I am indeed in need of that qualification. I was convinced that a formal and structured training in criminal legal administration, under the tutelage of experts should help me immensely. I have decided then itself to go in for Masters program, as soon as I can. I am aware of the details of the program in Columbia College of Missouri, its emphasis on extensive self-study of the relevant literature for each topic / subject, case study approach, developing one’s presentation skills, usage of libraries / online resources, and interaction with faculty. I am fully committed

Critical Appraisal Of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Articles Essay

Critical Appraisal Of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Articles - Essay Example The article titled â€Å"Analyzing Qualitative interview data. Addressing issues of reliability and validity† presented by   J.V. Appleton deals with the aspects that must be taken into consideration while conducting a qualitative research study to ensure the reliability and validity of the data (Appleton, 1995). In contrast, Shuster and Shannon (1994) in their article titled   â€Å"Differential Prehospital Benefit from Paramedic Care† present the aspects affecting the efficacy of quantitative research methods. Both article authors have based their findings on the results of actual studies they have personally carried out in order to assess the relative efficacy of either method. The two articles present a valuable insight into the process of conducting research and the means that may be employed to ensure that data obtained are as valid and reliable as possible. Both these studies were conducted using health professionals as the source of the data. J.V. Appleton (1995) is a healthcare visitor/worker and the aim and objective of her research effort were to identify a set of criteria to identify and determine which families could be considered â€Å"vulnerable† from the point of view of child protection. The method chosen for her research study was a qualitative approach based on a two-fold process – the administration of questionnaires as well as follow up interviews. The reason for the choice of a qualitative approach lay in the fact that this was an exploratory study designed to elicit the perspective of healthcare workers. Therefore the quality of the data was dependent upon the richness and quality of the responses that needed to be obtained rather than upon statistical numbers and figures that could be used as the basis for the study. Qualitative research has been found to be useful in the study of exploratory phenomena (Morse, 1991).   Appleton’s study was based upon questionnaires administered to 1 2 healthcare workers followed up by face to face interviews, with a tape recorder being used in all cases.

Evaluating the Law of Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluating the Law of Theft - Essay Example The resulting act was an effort of a committee of parliament, Criminal Law Revision Committee, which was tasked to reform the English law of theft. To ensure that the law captures all those separate laws, substantial definitions were on all circumstances of stealing. The law further makes provisions for criminal proceedings available to one party in a marriage relationship against the partner. The law also makes some amendments to the Post Office Act 1953, besides other enactments and to serve other purposes connected to it. This is about the entire law, but in this analysis we are limited to section 1 only for the purposes of this study (Ramage, S, 2005). In section 1, subsection1 of the Act, a basic definition of the term theft is offered, by which the sections seek to set out what entails the offence of theft. A person will be said to be guilty of the offence if he dishonestly appropriates himself or herself, property belonging to another person, with a clear intention to deprive permanently the other of it. For purposes of legal interpretation, theft and stealing shall be construed accordingly to mean the same thing. Where, stealing can take the place of theft and theft can be said to be stealing. In order to be said that theft has occurred, the thief, according to subsection 2, will appropriate himself with a view to gain or otherwise for his own benefit. The owner of the property then, shall in this case, suffer the loss of enjoying the benefits of the property in which the thief has appropriated himself. The supplementary definitions of terms arising from the definition of theft have been substantially dealt with thereafter from section 2 to 6 (Hooper & Ormerod, 2011). There have been some changes to the act over the years, the latest being as late as 2006. The changes are carried in two major changes (repeals); the Theft Act 1978 and the Fraud Act 2006. The repealing acts does not replace the entire Theft Act 1968, but rather to define further sections which were found to be not sufficient in dealing with more offences that were committed, but the act did not sufficiently cover. The sections include 15, 16 and 18 of the Theft Act 1968 (UK). Section 16 deals with obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception in monetary terms. According to the section pecuniary advantage would result in one becoming richer that he was before the act of deception. It also includes situations where one should have paid for a good or service, in the process one does not gain more money but rather one remains with the money he should have paid. The law faced some challenges in the case of DPP v Ray (1974) AC 370 House of Lords where Ray had gone to a restaurant and ordered a meal with an intention to pay, but left after eating when the waiter left the room. Ray was originally not found guilty by a lower court, but the House of Lords overturned the ruling by allowing the case to go to fresh trial. He was convicted subsequently. The House of Lords held that Ray had a pecuniary advantage since he had not paid. He had deceived by representing himself originally as an honest customer (The Government of the United Kingdom). The danger with this section was that people would represent themselves as honest but decide to be deceptive in the process. The law would let them free if they proof that they did not intend to do so. This

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay Example for Free

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay The discovery of the New World happened to coincide with the spread of European power and culture around the known world. This spread was the result of various developments that had occurred, particularly the following: â€Å"the explosive growth of trade, towns, and modern corporations; the religious zeal generated by the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation;†1 as well as the usual reasons of â€Å"greed, conquest, racism, and slavery. †2 By the time of the 1400s, these and other forces combined to make Europeans search for new lands to conquer and settle, as well as for new people to convert, civilize, or exploit. 3 Columbus’ various voyages to the New World opened the door for more exploration and settlement of the New World. The first European power to make concerted efforts to explore the New World was Spain, and they had three distinct motives: to win over converts to Catholicism; to conquer land; and, to get rich. 4 Eventually following Spain were England and France, both of which had similar motives: to extend their empires into the New World, as well as profit from the establishment of colonies in the New World. Clearly, then, the ultimate goal of exploration and conquest in the New World was to increase power and wealth. 2. Explain the religious persecutions in England that pushed the Separatists into Plymouth and the Quakers into Pennsylvania. Explain how England’s Glorious Revolution also prompted changes in the colonies. The Separatists, also known as the Pilgrims, were forced out of England due to their religious beliefs. They were part of the â€Å"most uncompromising sect of Puritans†¦who had severed all ties with the Church of England. †5 They felt that the Church of England was not completely separated from the Catholic Church. Speaking out against the Church of England led to persecutions by King James I and Anglican officials. 6 The Separatists then fled to Holland, but while there, felt that their children were becoming too Dutch and straying from their staunch Puritan beliefs. As a result, they secured a land patent from the Virginia Company and in 1620, sailed to America. 7 The Quakers were the â€Å"most influential of many radical groups that sprang from†¦the English Civil War. †8 They carried further than any other group the doctrine of â€Å"individual spiritual inspiration and interpretation,† which they called â€Å"the inner light. †9 Doing away with many of the trappings of the Church of England, the Quakers embraced a simple way of life and were extremely pacifist. 10 This did not coincide with the ways of the Anglican Church, and thus, they were persecuted a great deal. They chose to leave England and settle in the New World, where they would be able to practice their beliefs without fear of reprisal. First establishing the colony of New Jersey, they soon migrated to the opposite side of the Delaware River and established the colony of Pennsylvania. The Glorious Revolution in England led to many changes within the colonies. The colonies that had been absorbed into the Dominion of New England – Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey – all reverted to their former governments. 11 They were also able to retain their former status, â€Å"except Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, which†¦were united under a new charter in 1691 as the royal colony of Massachusetts Bay. †12 Another change was the passage of the Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act in England in 1689, both of which â€Å"limited the powers of the country’s monarchs and affirmed a degree of freedom of worship for all Christians, thereby influencing attitudes – and the course of events – in the colonies. †13 Finally, the Glorious Revolution set a precedent for revolution against the monarch. In other words, it laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, which would free the colonies from British rule. 14 5. Explain how and why the British won the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was the last of four major wars involving the European powers and their New World colonies. 15 In this particular war, the cause of contention was upper Ohio River valley. Controlled by the French, they became irate when some Virginians moved into the territory to make trade with the Indians easier, as well as to survey land granted to them by King George III. 16 Attempts to warn off the French failed, and eventually warfare broke out in the disputed area. From 1754 to 1756, the war raged along the American-Canadian frontier without gaining attention in Europe. 17 From 1756 until the war ended, it would be merged with the Seven Years’ War in Europe. 18 The change in status of the French and Indian War coincided with a change within the British government. William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain, and under his leadership, the British would defeat the French. Allied with the Indians, who wanted the French out of their territory, the British utilized their superior naval fleet to cut off French reinforcements and supplies to the New World. 19 The decisive point of the war was the Battle of Quebec in 1759. After two months of attempting to break French defenses, the British were able to find a path that allowed them to get closer to the French camp. In the battle that followed, the British routed the French, thus ending French power in North America. 20

Innovation And Technology Management Media Essay

Innovation And Technology Management Media Essay Ever since cameras were developed, it had evolved into many different types. This report will be focusing on the improvement of different types of camera, from film to digital used by consumers. A few case studies of camera makers will also be included to show how innovation affects each company. A camera is a device that captures images and the images were stored in the device or transmitted to another location. These images may be still or moving images. Still images means photograph while moving images can be videos or movies. The term camera was from the word camera obscura which was an early mechanism used to project images. Camera obscura is an optical device which can project surrounding image on a screen and used in drawing and for entertainment. Camera obscura consists of a box with an opening in one side. The light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside causing an image of the scene being reproduced but was turned upside down, with the color and perspective being preserved. The image will then be projected onto a piece of paper and traced which produced a highly accurate representation of the scene. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Camera_obscura_box.jpg/220px-Camera_obscura_box.jpg Figure 1: Drawing of camera obscura A camera may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It generally consists of an enclosed hollow box with an opening in one side for external light to pass through and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other side. Most of the cameras will have a lens being placed at the front of the cameras opening which is used to gather the incoming light and focus all or part of the image to the recording or viewing surface. The sizes of the opening are mostly controlled by using a diaphragm mechanism but some of them will use a fixed size opening. Most of the cameras today use an electronic image sensor for storing photographs on flash memory. Before that, from the 20th century, photographic films were used For a typical still camera, it takes a photo at a time when the user presses the shutter button unless the user uses continuous fire mode. As for a typical movie camera, it continuously takes 24 film frames per second when the shutter is pressed and holds on until the shutter is released. Some movie camera works by pressing the shutter button once and the second time will stop it. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcThEehclSMeXPhA1DEisnDoFw1w5_YCT5-6TFcNfv5q30kXSs-p-g http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxh6ovUrXMGAZPP7tlsthvgrJ5jiMvKJD8swHykuo80AdRgOGT Figure 2: Digital still camera Figure 3: Digital movie camera Until today, cameras has evolved from the camera obscura and continued to change through many generations of photographic technology, including daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film and different types of digital cameras. Background In the past, camera obscura was used by people for drawing or viewing purposes. In 1827, the first permanent photograph was made using a sliding wooden box camera which used the concept of camera obscura to build. Although camera obscura was already available before 1827, there was no way to preserve the images produced by it apart from manually tracing the images. The preservation of the images was made possible after the invention of photographic lapel processes. These preserved images were then being called as photographs. The earliest cameras were of room sized, which were able to accommodate one or more people inside. By Niepces time, the camera technology had gradually evolved. Cameras became more compact, making portable handheld cameras which were suitable for photography possible. Although cameras technology had been keep improving, a camera in its barest form is still simply a light tight container that used a lens with iris, a shutter that has variable speeds and contains a sensitive piece of media. The media is either film or a digital sensor. http://www.photographica.nu/cameracol/dall273.jpg Figure 4: sliding wooden box camera Types of cameras Currently there are different types of camera in the market. The different types of consumers cameras are as following: Digital camera, a camera that takes video or still photographs by recording images on an electronic image sensor Remote camera, a camera placed by a photographer in areas where the photographer generally cannot be Movie camera, a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film Pocket instamatic camera, a series of inexpensive, easy-to-load camera Single-lens reflex camera, a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured Twin-lens reflex camera, a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. Video camera, a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition Camera phone, a mobile phone which is able to capture still photographs and video Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera, a type of digital system cameras equipped with an interchangeable lens. Technology Developments Film Camera When the first camera was invented, it used an engraving which was placed onto a metal plate coated in bitumen and then exposed it to light. The shadowy areas of the engraving will block the light while the whiter areas allowed the light to react with the chemicals on the plate. When the metal plate was placed into a solvent, an image will appear. The photograph required eight hours of light exposure to create and after appearing, it would soon fade away. In 1839, a more convenient and effective method of photography was developed. Daguerres process fixed the image onto a sheet of silver plated copper. The silver surface was polished and coated in iodine to create a surface that was sensitive to light. The plate was then putted in a camera and exposed for a few minutes. After the image was painted by light, the plate was bathed in a solution of silver chloride. This process created a lasting image which would not change even if exposed to light. With this process, daguerreotype cameras were created. The cameras used in the daguerreotype process were made by opticians and instrument makers. The camera had a sliding box design with lens placed in the front box and a smaller box was slid into the back of the larger box. The focus was controlled by sliding the rear box forward or backwards. When the sensitized plate was placed in the camera, the lens cap would be removed to start the exposure. In 1879, the dry plate consisting of a glass negative plate with a dried gelatin emulsion was invented. The dry plates could be stored for a period of time. With this dry processes, hand held camera was now possible as it absorbed light very quickly. In 1888 the box camera which uses dry plate was introduced. The box camera was a wooden, lighted tight box with a simple lens and shutter that was factory filled with film which allows for 100 shots. The photographer pushed the shutter to produce a negative. Once the film was used up, the camera with the film still in it was mailed to the factory where the film was removed from the camera, processed and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned. In 1889 flexible roll film was invented. The film has a base that was flexible, unbreakable and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base made the mass produced box camera a reality. In the mid-1914, 35 mm camera was invented. The camera used 35 mm roll film which was developed based on the flexible roll films. In the early 1940s, color films were brought to the market. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colors in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color image. In 1948, the first Polaroid camera was sold to the public. The camera allows the photographer to create an instant photograph. The disposable camera was introduced in 1986. It was a single use camera which allowed the photographer to take photo until the film was used up. After which the photographer will send the film for processing and the camera would be disposed. Digital Camera Need to group into sub sections of point and shoot (or known as compact digital cameras), Video cams, digital SLR and include camera phones here. For each section, show examples through the use of pictures. In 1981, the first consumer camera was produced by Sony. It takes still photographs by recording image on an electronic image sensor. Digital and film cameras shared an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image. In 1986, the first sensor used to detect megapixels was invented by Kodak. In the same year, a prototype for an analog electronic SLR camera which was able to store images digitally was created by Nikon. In early 2000, the first digital SLR directed at consumers was released by Fujifilm. In 2008, mirrorless interchangeable lens camera emerged. Unlike a digital SLR, it does not have a mirror based optical viewfinder. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leica_M9_Framework.jpg/220px-Leica_M9_Framework.jpg Figure 4: Mirrorless interchangeable lens camera Camera Handphone In 2000, the first camera phone was developed by Sharp. The phone had 0.1 megapixels sensor and 256 color display. In 2003, Samsung introduced the first 1 megapixels camera phone. In the same year, Casio introduces the first 2 megapixels phone. In 2004, Samsung introduced the first 3.2 and 5 megapixels phone. In 2005, Samsung introduced the first 7 megapixels phone. In 2006, Samsung introduces the first infrared camera phone and the first 10 megapixels camera phone. At this time, more than 50% of the world handphone had camera in it. http://c2499022.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/samsung-sch-b600-10-megapixel-cellphone.jpg Figure 5: Samsung 10 megapixels phone In 2007, the first 5 megapixels camera phone with 3x optical zoom was introduced by Samsung. In 2008, Digital Imaging Systems announced first 9 megapixels camera phone and Samsung introduced first 8 megapixels camera phone. In 2009, Samsung introduced first 8 megapixels camera phone with touchscreen and LG launched the slimmest 8 megapixels camera phone. In the same year, Samsung also introduced first 12 megapixels camera phone with 3x optical zoom. In 2010, the first 14 megapixels camera phone was introduced by Altek and Sony ericsson introduced the first 16 megapixels camera phone. At this time, more than 81% of the worlds cell phone had camera in it. In 2012, Nokia introduced the first 41 megapixels camera phone. Nokia 808 Pureview Figure 6: Nokia 41 megapixels camera phone Cases Studies Introduction The purpose of this section is to clearly illustrate that having good innovation and technology strategy management techniques are of paramount importance to sustaining any business. The authors will analyze how major companies such as Canon remain prosperous in the market, while also analyzing the fall of a once hugely successful giant in the imaging business, Kodak. Case study of Kodaks Rise and Fall Rise of Kodak: Kodak was one of the major leading brands and pioneers of the camera making business. Founded in 1880, its rise to dominance of the imaging industry came after its introduction of color films and Instamatic camera to the market in the 1960s.The companys near monopoly of film businesses continued in the 1970s as sales skyrocketed to a point where it had 90% of film and 85% of camera sales in the United States of America according to a 2005 case study for Harvard Business School. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/jan/22/john-naughton-kodak-lessons). Fall of Kodak: By the 1980s, the emergence of a serious competitor in Fujifilm and Kodaks dominance in the US market was undermine after Fujifilm gained a share of the market by offering lower-priced film and supplies as well as adopting very aggressive marketing which included winning sponsorship rights to be the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, an opportunity which Kodak ironically passed up. During the 1990s, although Kodak tried to maintain itself as a healthy business by diversifying to other areas of business (including medical ,pharmaceutical (http://www.csub.edu/kej/documents/economic_rsch/2012-04-23.pdf),printers for both consumer and commercial use as well as chemical manufacturing.), these businesses were all bought and not developed in-house leading to income being shared (http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/01/how-fujifilm-survived). Eventually when sales from film developing and printing went into sharp decline nearing year 2000,earnings from these additional businesses simply do not scale up to the revenue gained from its core business which relied on film. In addition to the above, the development of digital photography technology and Kodaks own hesitancy of making the switch from film photography to digital photography proved to be one of the major causes of its eventual demise. This is clearly depicted as even though Kodak was a pioneer of digital cameras (Kodak first introduced it in 1975), the product was dropped as there was fear that it would threaten its core photographic film business which was hugely successful then. Sales and revenue soon begun to go into a decline with the arrival of the digital age and a change in core business model was made ultimately. Kodak soon introduced a range of digital cameras, inkjet printers as well as became one of the first to launch a photosharing website (www.ofoto.com) between the 1990s and 2000s to cope with the need to transform with the digital age. While efforts were made to transform and keep up with the digital photography, its business model and technology strategy was still flawed as Kodak still revolved around the idea of printing photos. For instance, in spite of being pioneers of photosharing online, Kodaks website merely served as a vessel for providing a service for online ordering of prints. (http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505143_162-57363629/why-kodak-failed-and-how-to-avoid-the-same-fate/) In addition, the authors observed that despite innovating in the correct direction enjoying huge success with its line of digital cameras in the early 2000s, Kodak failed to anticipate the dynamics of digital photography and had no alternatives when consumers are no longer interested in photo printing but, sharing photos online in social media websites such as Flickr, Instagram and Facebook. Kodak being overly diversified, adopted the wrong technology strategy and did not exploit and capitalize early on a core digital camera technology Kodak pioneered, while investing heavily in developing technology for taking pictures in mobile phones and other digital devices. As a result, this allowed other companies such as Canon, Nikon and Sony to overtake and innovate further to produce hugely successful lines of digital cameras which eventually dominate the digital photography market. Furthermore, Kodaks success with digital cameras was short-lived towards 2010 when smartphones technology advanced and begun to include powerful cameras which are just as capable as the pocket digital cameras that Kodak was manufacturing. The following figure illustrates how camera phones such as the iPhone have gained a strong foothold in the market share of most popular cameras amongst consumers. Conclusion In a nut shell while aligning our observations to the concepts of technology management, there were multiple reasons contributing to the downfall of the once powerful giant in imaging market, Kodak. But this cannot be attributed entirely to the failure of incorrect technology forecasting or a lack of innovation. In fact, a report did circulate among the leaders of Kodak depicting the eventual permanent shift from film to digital by 2010 in 1979. It can also be observed from the earlier part of this chapter that Kodak was not at a shortage in the area of innovation. Consequently, the authors believe that it was not doing the correct technology road mapping which allowed other brands of digital cameras and camera phones to overtake them in the imaging market, leading to its ultimate demise and bankruptcy. This can be broken down into following: -The over reliance on a single product for revenue (film) -Lack of in-house expertise when diversifying into other areas of business -Slow transition from film to digital age -Despite early success, failed to forecast that digital cameras would eventually have low profit margins as more companies entered the market in mid-2000s, along with the emergence of camera phones -Slow transformation from a then overly diversified chemical manufacturer to a company mainly focused on imaging Had Kodak been able to identify and develop technology alternatives before making a better technological investment decision such as perhaps investing in SLR technology or social media websites which allows photosharing such as Flickr, Kodak might have been able to avoid their present predicament. This therefore emphasizes the importance of technology road mapping, as not having alternatives for a set product needs within different timeframes can have detrimental effects on businesses overtime. Case study of Canon Background In this section the authors will analyze how Canon, a company much like Kodak in terms of innovation and diversification of businesses, manage to still stay as one of the major leaders imaging market while facing the same challenges of having to make the switch from film to digital photography and decline of photo printing. Technology Strategy and Forecasting Canon introduced Japans first ever 35-mm focal-plane-shutter camera at a time when all high-quality cameras originated form the Europe, in 1935. Immediately after its founding and similarly to Kodak, it saw the importance of diversification and acted promptly with the introduction of Japans first indirect X-ray cameras, office equipment (calculators) and notably Japans first plain paper copying machine in 1970. As a result, the company adopted the management slogan of cameras in the right hand, business machines in the left and by then the company had already globalized (branches were set up in Europe and New York) successfully as exports took up 50 % of the total sales. Unlike Kodak, Canon continued to emphasize on the importance of in-house expertise by unceasing innovation of technology with the aim of becoming the best in all major business areas, be it in imaging (both medical and consumer) or multifunctional copiers technologies. This is achieved through constant innovation efforts such as setting up collaboration with Kyoto University in joint research projects. Shortly in 1976, Canon introduced the worlds first SLR with embedded micro-computer (AE-1), delivering powerful performance and along with its good ergonomics, propelled it into worldwide popularity among amateur and professional photographers alike, marking the start of its strong foothold in the share of the imaging market besides other current majors such as Nikon and Sony up till now. Besides being a leader in imaging industry, Canon also invested greatly on innovation in the technology of printers for both business and personal use. Its multifunctional copier division was notably very successful enabling it to hold the highest market share in the industry for the last 2 decades. Conclusion While Kodak had started to slip into decline because of its over reliance on film, Canon adopted good technology strategy and demonstrated good technology road mapping by making the best technology investment decisions with focused, continual innovation on camera technology (notably SLRs) and multifunctional copier technology. Hence Canon embraced the decline of films, photoprinting and the gradual replacement of compact digital cameras by smartphones through gaining a strong position in market areas of amateur and professional photography with their innovation in digital SLRs. The figure above shows its dominance in digital photography alone with smartphones. Along with ever changing times, Canon continued to strengthen product competitiveness in major business areas which also includes multifunctional copiers. In conclusion, while Canon had many business areas, Canon were not over-diversified like Kodak and one major difference leading to Canons success in diversification was because of the in-house expertise and technology management Canon had in dedicated business areas, an implication that income would not be shared with other companies as these business areas were not bought. Conclusion Future predictions of camera industry Global Camera Industry The world photographic products market has generated sales of over $55 billion in 2010, according to MarketLine. Cameras are leading the market with a sale close to $35 billion which is more than 60% of the overall market. Growth is expected to be accelerating at a rate of more than 3% every year, bringing the whole market up to over $65 billion by 2015. This consists of cameras, optical instruments, video cameras and other photogenic equipment. Digital photography continues to take over the sales of traditional cameras and films. And this is expected with the upcoming future of the industry Market Outlook However, with technological advances companies will need to continue investing in research and development of new technologies to stay in industrys cutting edge. There will be demands of new technologies of the consumers. As mentioned previously, Canon embraced the decline of films and photoprinting by the innovation of digital cameras. With online photo sharing/storing websites like Flickr, Google Plus or even Facebook, the generation of films and photoprinting is almost over proven by what has happened to Kodak. However smart phone cameras are slowly replacing the digital cameras. (Many often people are taking photos with their iPhone or Samsungs smartphone.) The percentage of photos taken with cameras and smartphones are declining and rising individually. Smartphones now have cameras of great qualities and functionalities in terms of programs known as apps and they will slowly continue to eat into the camera market. This has been shown by the appearance of smartphone picture uploading apps or social media like Instagram, Path, Facebook and many others more. But this may not necessarily remove digital cameras totally off the market. With constant technological advances, cameras with high performance capacity will become cheaper to produce. It will become a cycle that what used to be expensive and high-end products becomes the old technology and is cheaper to produce due to the advances. So low end cameras is becoming something with more advanced features. The consumer video camera market too is declining. Consumers are using their smart phones or DSLR to shoot videos. The video camera market will only move in the higher end markets (video producers, film makers) in the near future. Conclusion From our case studies above, it shows how Kodak and Canon tried applying technology management in their company to produce innovative product to the consumer market. However economic and social factors too play a part in innovation. By looking at Canon, few reasons why they were successful in the imaging market were because of their constant innovation on SLRs , coupled with the fact they were always targeting the market share of photography hobbyists, both in entry levels and professional level photography. However even though incorporating technology and innovative management into a organization does not guarantee 100% success. It depends on many factors such as the society, economic, the current market situation or even any other external factors. Kodak had tried displaying technology and innovation management in the corporation, however they have failed. Their over reliance on a single product for revenue (film), the lack of in-house expertise when diversifying into other areas of business and their slow transition from film to digital age these were the few factors that has caused their downfall of today. Our predications for the next 10 years: à ¢-  3D still and moving pictures will become standard in the next 5 years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cameras will have more on-board processing software that perfects the final image without the need for a computer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Images to be printed on and saved to wafer-thin electronic paper called e-paper. Recently showcased by LG this flexible, full colour display is the wave of the future, and could be used in so many different products including e-readers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Immediate upload of your image once taken to your favourite internet site with Bluetooth connection for cameras http://www.firstcall-photographic.co.uk/userfiles/file/digital_imaging_1990-2010.pdf Figure 1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura Figure 2 3: http://www.sony.com Figure 4: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_camera Figure 5: http://www.unwiredview.com/2007/01/09/10-megapixel-samsung-sch-b600-phone-nears-worldwide-launch/ Figure 6: http://www.nokia.com/global/products/phone/808pureview/specifications/